Development of Genome-Wide Insertion and Deletion Polymorphism Markers from Next-Generation Sequencing Data in Rice

Abstract

Background: Next-generation sequencing technologies enable the re-sequencing of a large number of genomes and provide an unprecedented opportunity to discover numerous DNA polymorphisms throughout the genome of a species. As the second most abundant form of genetic variation, InDels, with characteristics of co-dominance, multiple alleles and high stability and density and that are easy to genotype, have received an increasing amount attention. Results: In this work, a total of 2,329,544 InDels were identified in 1767 rice genomes; these InDels were dispersed across all 12 rice chromosomes, with one InDel marker found, on average, every 160.22 bp. There were 162,380 highly polymorphic InDels with a polymorphism information content (PIC) ≥ 0.5, contributing 1.81 % to the unique primer set. Of these highly polymorphic InDels, we also selected InDels with major allele differences (the size difference between the most and second most frequent alleles) ≥ 3 bp or 8 bp for primer design, which provided a more flexible choice for researchers. Finally, we experimentally validated 100 highly polymorphic InDels for accuracy and polymorphism. The PCR results showed that the accuracy of the InDel markers was 95.70 %, while the average PIC value was 0.56, with a range of 0.19 to 0.78; the average allele number was 3.02, with a range of 2 to 5. Conclusions: Our genome-wide and easily used InDel markers with high polymorphism and density in both cultivated and wild rice will undoubtedly have practical implications in rice marker-assisted breeding and will also meet the need of fine-scale genetic mapping in map-based rice gene cloning.