Ecology of denitrification and dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium

Abstract

4.1 INTRODUCTION 4.2 DEFINITIONS 4.2.1 Chemodenitrification 4.2.2 Respiratory Denitrification 4.2.3 Nonrespiratory N20 Production 4.2.4 Dissimilatory Nitrate Reduction to Ammonium 4.3 IMPORTANCE OF DISSIMILATORY NITRATE REDUCING PROCESSES 4.4 DISSIMILATORY NITRATE REDUCING ORGANISMS AND THEIR PHYSIOLOGY 4.4.1 Denitrification (Respiratory) 4.4.1.1 Growth 4.4.1.2 Organisms 4.4.1.3 Special Oxygen Physiology 4.4.1.4 Pollutant Metabolism 4.4.1.5 Regulation of Intermediate Production 4.4.2 Dissimilatory Nitrate Reduction to Ammonium 4.4.2.1 General Features 4.4.2.2 Organisms 4.4.2.3 Physiology 4.5 POPULATION ECOLOGY OF DISSIMILArOHY NITRATE REDUCTION 4.5.1 Denitrification 4.5.1.1 What Denitrifier Populations Are Found? 4.5.1.2 What Selects Denitrifier Populations? 4.5.1.3 Adaptive Traits of Denitrifiers 4.5.1.4 Survival of Denitrifying Activity 4.5.2 Dissimilatory Nitrate Reduction to Ammonium (DNRA) 4.5.2.1 What DNRA Populations Are Found 4.5.2.2 What Selects DNRA Populations? 4.6 REGULATION OF DENITRIFICATION IN THE ENVIRONMENT 4.6.1 Characteristics of Oxygen Regulation 4.6.1.1 Oxygen as a Dominant Regulator 4.6.1.2 Oxygen Threshold for Denitrification 4.6.1.3 Synthesis of Denitrifying Enzymes 4.6.1.4 Effect of Oxygen on the Different Steps in the Denitrification Sequence 4.6.2 Conceptual Model of Environmental Regulation of Denitrification 4.6.3 Regulatory Factors 4.6.3.1 Oxygen 4.6.3.2 Nitrate 4.6.3.3 Carbon as Electron Donor 4.6.3.4 Effect of Macrofeatures: Burrows and Roots 4.7 SUMMARY OF METHODS USED TO MEASURE DENITRIFICATION REFERENCES