Extrafloral Nectaries and Protection by Pugnacious Bodyguards

Abstract

Introduction (in part): (...) 'Cytologically, extrafloral nectaries resemble floral nectaries. As active secretory cells, they have very large numbers of mitochondria, dense protoplasts, and large nuclei. Vascular tissue often extends to the underlying parenchyma of the gland and the sugar is primarily derived from the phloem but may be synthesized in the region of the nectary. (...) Most authors agree, however, that nectar secretion is the result of active meatbolic processes; the cellular structure is typical of active metabolic tissue, oxygen consumption in the gland increases during secretion, (...)' Chapters: The adaptive significance of extrafloral nectaries: Correlative data in support of the protectionists hypothesis: -Local and geographic distribution of ants and extrafloral nectaries. -Aggressive behavior of ants on nectary plants. -Foraging patterns of ants on nectary plants. -Vulnerability of the plant to herbivore attack. -Presence of herbivores. -Control of nectar flow. -Experimental studies demonstrating protection.