Fandom, brandom and the limits of participatory culture

Abstract

This article approaches sports team supporters from two lenses: (1) that of branding, which defines supporters as loyal customers and potential commodities; (2) that of fandom, which understands supporters as agentive meaning-producers who use fandom for their own uses. This juxtaposition reveals how fans' sense of symbolic ownership is both impelled and disavowed. I use the term 'brandom' to refer to brand-controlled 'fan' communities that lack real autonomy. The case study of the Lazio Irriducibili 'ultràs' fan club in Rome Italy, demonstrates the potential of organized fans to create and promote branded commodities and, furthermore, it shows the potential of organized fans to threaten the symbolic and financial legitimacy of sports team/brand ownership, and the typical relationship that exists between fans (consumers) and teams (brands). © 2012 The Author(s).