Is PdII-promoted s-bond metathesis mechanism operative for the Pd-PEPPSI complex-catalyzed amination of chlorobenzene with aniline? Experiment and theory

Abstract

Reduction of the Pd-PEPPSI precatalyst to a Pd0 species is generally thought to be essential to drive Buchwald-Hartwig amination reactions through the welldocumented Pd0/PdII catalytic cycle and little attention has been paid to other possible mechanisms. Considered here is the Pd-PEPPSI-catalyzed aryl amination of chlorobenzene with aniline. A neat reaction system was used in new experiments, from which the potentially reductive roles of the solvent and labile ligand of the PEPPSI complex in leading to Pd0 species are ruled out. Computational results demonstrate that anilido-containing PdII intermediates involving sbond metathesis in pathways leading to the diphenylamine product have relatively low barriers. Such pathways are more favorable energetically than the corresponding reductive elimination reactions resulting in Pd0 species and other putative routes, such as the PdII/PdIV mechanism, single electron transfer mechanism, and halide atom transfer mechanism. In some special cases, if reactants/additives are inadequate to reduce a PdII precatalyst, a PdII-involved s-bond metathesis mechanism might be feasible to drive the Buchwald-Hartwig amination reactions.