Numerical modelling of 3-D circulation in restricted waters

Abstract

The paper presents a three-dimensional circulation model based on a finite element formulation. Due to the geophysical applications, the hydrostatic pressure assumption is assumed, resulting in important formulation simplifications. The turbulence is calculated by use of a one-equation model together with an algebraic length scale. The ability of the model is demonstrated by applications to a wind-driven flow in a simple basin and the tidal circulation in a Norwegian fjord. Predictions for the latter example are compared with available measurements. The present version of the model is with constant density. It is realized that stratification effects must generally be included; however, the present predictions with constant density show that some of the main features of the fjord circulation can still be predicted fairly realistically. © 1993.