On BMS invariance of gravitational scattering

Abstract

Abstract: BMS+ transformations act nontrivially on outgoing gravitational scattering data while preserving intrinsic structure at future null infinity (I+). BMS− transformations similarly act on ingoing data at past null infinity (I−). In this paper we apply — within a suitable finite neighborhood of the Minkowski vacuum — results of Christodoulou and Klainerman to link I+ to I− and thereby identify “diagonal” elements BMS0 of BMS+ × BMS−. We argue that BMS0 is a nontrivial infinite-dimensional symmetry of both classical gravitational scattering and the quantum gravity S-matrix. It implies the conservation of net accumulated energy flux at every angle on the conformal S2 at I. The associated Ward identity is shown to relate S-matrix elements with and without soft gravitons. Finally, BMS0 is recast as a U(1) Kac-Moody symmetry and an expression for the Kac-Moody current is given in terms of a certain soft graviton operator on the boundary of I.