Information Visualisation Course Notes Version of 23 Mar 2011 Ao.Univ.-Prof. Dr. Keith Andrews IICM Graz University of Technology Inffeldgasse 16c A-8010 Graz kandrews@iicm.edu Copyright ��2011 Keith Andrews.

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Contents Contents iii List of Figures vi Preface vii Credits ix 1 Introduction 1 1.1 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.2 General Principles of Information Visualisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2 History of Information Visualisation 7 2.1 Diderot and d���Alembert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2.2 Edmund Cooper and John Snow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2.3 Florence Nightingale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 2.4 Charles Minard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 2.5 Jaques Bertin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 3 Visualising Linear Structures 13 3.1 Perspective Wall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 3.2 Seesoft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 3.3 Lifestreams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 3.4 Spiral of Ranked Items . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 4 Visualising Hierarchies 17 4.1 Outliners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 4.1.1 Tree Views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 4.1.2 MagTree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 4.1.3 WebTOC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 4.2 Layered Node-Link Tree Browsers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 4.2.1 Walker Layout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 4.2.2 File System Navigator (FSN) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 4.2.3 Harmony Information Landscape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 4.3 Radial Node-Link Tree Browsers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 4.3.1 The Brain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 4.3.2 Hyperbolic Browser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 4.3.3 3D Hyperbolic Browser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 i

4.3.4 Walrus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 4.3.5 SInVis Magic Eye View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 4.3.6 Cone Tree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 4.3.7 Botanical Visualisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 4.4 Layered Space-Filling Tree Browsers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 4.4.1 Xdu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 4.5 Radial Space-Filling Tree Browsers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 4.5.1 Information Slices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 4.5.2 SunBurst . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 4.6 Inclusive Space-Filling Tree Browsers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 4.6.1 Tree Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 4.6.2 Market Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 4.6.3 Cushion Treemaps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 4.6.4 Information Pyramids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 4.6.5 InfoSky Cobweb Browser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 4.6.6 Voronoi Treemap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 4.7 Overlapping Space-Filling Tree Browsers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 4.7.1 Cheops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 4.7.2 BeamTree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 4.8 Single-Level Tree Browsers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 4.8.1 GopherVR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 5 Visualising Networks and Graphs 39 5.1 Adjacency Matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 5.2 Predetermined Position . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 5.2.1 Linear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 5.2.2 Ring-Based . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 5.2.3 Grid-Based . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 5.2.4 Geography-Based . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 5.3 Layered Graph Drawing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 5.3.1 Harmony Local Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 5.4 Force-Based Layouts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 5.4.1 SemNet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 5.4.2 HyperSpace (Narcissus) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 6 Visualising Multidimensional Metadata 47 6.1 Interactive Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 6.1.1 Table Lens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 6.2 Interactive Scatterplots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 6.2.1 FilmFinder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 6.2.2 Envision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 6.2.3 Search Result Explorer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 6.3 Interactive Histograms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 6.3.1 Attribute Explorer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 6.4 Parallel Coordinates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 6.4.1 Original Parallel Coordinates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 6.5 Circular Histograms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 ii

7 Visualising Text and Object Collections (Feature Spaces) 53 7.1 Distance-Based Projection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 7.1.1 Linear Projection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 7.1.2 Non-Linear Projection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 7.2 Force-Directed Placement (FDP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 7.3 Example Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 7.3.1 Bead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 7.3.2 SPIRE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 7.3.3 VxInsight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 7.3.4 VisIslands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 7.3.5 InfoSky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 7.4 Self-Organizing Maps (SOM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 7.4.1 SOMLib . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 7.4.2 WEBSOM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 8 Visualising Query Spaces 63 8.1 InfoCrystal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 8.2 LyberWorld . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 8.3 TileBars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 Bibliography 76 iii

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List of Figures 2.1 Tree of Diderot and d���Alembert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 2.2 Snow���s London Cholera Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 2.3 Bat���s Wing Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 2.4 Nightingale���s Polar Area Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 2.5 Polar Area Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 2.6 Minard���s Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 2.7 Bertin���s Reorderable Matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 3.1 Perspective Wall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 3.2 Seesoft source code visualisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 3.3 Lifestreams orders streams of item chronologically . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 3.4 GopherVR Spiral of Search Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 3.5 JUCS Spiral of Authors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 4.1 The Java JTree tree view . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 4.2 MagTree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 4.3 WebTOC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 4.4 The Walker Tree Browser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 4.5 The FSN file system navigator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 4.6 The Harmony Information Landscape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 4.7 The Brain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 4.8 The hyperbolic browser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 4.9 H3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 4.10 Walrus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 4.11 SInVis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 4.12 Cone Tree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 4.13 Botanical visualisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 4.14 Xdu visualisation of JDK 1.2 distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 4.15 Information slices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 4.16 SunBurst . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 4.17 A tree map of the Dewey Decimal classification hierarchy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 4.18 Market map of stock market . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 4.19 SequoiaView . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 4.20 Information pyramids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 4.21 Information pyramids with treeview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 4.22 InfoSky Cobweb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 4.23 InfoSky Cobweb Zoomed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 v

4.24 Voronoi Treemap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 4.25 Cheops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 4.26 BeamTree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 4.27 BeamTree3D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 4.28 GopherVR visualising one level of a Gopher tree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 5.1 Example Adjacency Matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 5.2 ThreadVis for Message Threads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 5.3 Flare Dependency Graph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 5.4 Intermedia Global Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 5.5 Migration to California Flow Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 5.6 Local map of link connections around ���grep��� manual page . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 5.7 The Harmony Local Map 3D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 5.8 SemNet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 6.1 The table lens represents rows of a table as rows of pixels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 6.2 The FilmFinder starfield display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 6.3 Envision maps document attributes along two axes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 6.4 Search Result Explorer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 6.5 The Attribute Explorer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 6.6 Parallel Coordinates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 6.7 Daisy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 7.1 Distance-Based Projection Pipeline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 7.2 Bead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 7.3 SPIRE Galaxy and Themescape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 7.4 VxInsight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 7.5 VisIslands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 7.6 InfoSky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 7.7 SOMLib . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 7.8 WEBSOM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 vi

Preface These lecture notes have evolved over many years of giving talks and teaching short courses on various aspects of information visualisation at conferences and for industry. I taught the first dedicated course on information visualisation at Graz University of Technology in summer semester 2005 and have also taught a version of the course at FH Joanneum in Graz. I would like to thank my students and colleagues past and present for their many suggestions and correc- tions, which have helped to massage these notes into their current form. References in Association with Amazon References with an ISBN number are linked to amazon.com (or amazon.co.uk or amazon.de) for quick, discounted purchasing. Amazon pay me a small referral fee for each item you purchase after following such a link ��� the item itself does not cost you any more. If you find these notes useful and would like to contribute towards their maintenance, please purchase any book you might want after following a specific ISBN link from here. Thanks and happy reading, Keith vii

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Credits I would like to thank the following individuals and organisations for permission to use their material: ��� Figure 3.2 is used with kind permission of Steve Eick, Visual Insights. ��� Figure 3.4 is used with kind permission of Tom Erickson. ��� Figure 4.10 is used with kind permission of Young Hyun, CAIDA. ��� Figure 4.16 is used with kind permission of John Stasko, Georgia Tech. ��� Figure 4.11 is used with kind permission of Matthias Kreuseler, University of Rostock. ��� Figure 4.13 is used with kind permission of Jack van Wijk, Eindhoven University of Technology. ��� Figure 5.8 was scanned from an original photograph with kind permission of Kim Fairchild. ��� Figure 6.2 is used under the terms of the Copyright Notice of the University of Maryland (see page ix). ��� Figure 7.3 is used with kind permission of Pacific Northwest Naional Laboratory. The following figures are used under the terms of the ACM Copyright Notice (see page x): ��� Figure 3.1, extracted from CHI ���91. Human factors in computing systems conference proceedings on Reaching through technology, pages 173-176. ��� Figure 3.3, extracted from CHI 96 Electronic Proceedings, Videos. ��� Figure 6.5, extracted from CHI 94 Electronic Proceedings, Videos. ��� Figure 6.3, extracted from CHI 97 Electronic Proceedings, Demos. ��� Figure 7.2, from the SIGIR ���92 Proceedings. University of Maryland Copyright Notice Copyright ��University of Maryland 1984-1994 All works herein are Copyright (c) University of Maryland 1984-1994, all rights reserved. We allow fair use of our information provided any and all copyright marks, trade marks, and author attribution are retained. ix

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Chapter 1 Introduction ��� The purpose of computing is insight, not numbers. ��� [ Richard Hamming, Numerical Methods for Scientists and Engineers, 1962. ] Information visualisation (InfoVis) is the visual presentation of abstract information spaces and struc- tures to facilitate their rapid assimilation and understanding. Information Visualisation ��� Visualisation of abstract information structures. ��� InfoVis = SciVis (Scientific Vis). ��� In SciVis (sometimes also called DataVis), the visual representation is usually given, suggested by geoemtry inherent in the data. ��� In InfoVis, an appropriate visual representation must be (carefully) designed or ���invented���. ��� Appropriate navigational and manipulation facilities are provided. 1.1 References Books ��� ++ Bob Spence Information Visualization: Design for Interaction Prentice Hall, 2nd Edition, 2006. ISBN 0132065509 (com, uk) [Spence, 2006] ��� + Colin Ware Information Visualization: Perception for Design 2nd Edition, Morgan Kaufmann, 2004. ISBN 1558608192 (com, uk) [Ware, 2004] ��� + Ward, Grinstein, and Keim Interactive Data Visualization: Foundations, Techniques, and Ap- plications A. K. Peters, Jul 2010. ISBN 1568814739 (com, uk) [Ward et al., 2010] ��� + Card, MacKinlay, Shneiderman Readings in Information Visualization : Using Vision to Think Morgan Kaufman, 1999. ISBN 1558605339 (com, uk) [Card et al., 1999] ��� Jin-Ting Zhang Visualization for Information Retrieval Springer, Nov 2007. ISBN 3540751475 (com, uk) [Zhang, 2007] 1

2 CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ��� Riccardo Mazza Introduction to Information Visualization Springer, March 2009. ISBN 1848002181 (com, uk) [Mazza, 2009] ��� James J. Thomas and Kristin A. Cook Illuminating the Path: The Research and Development Agenda for Visual Analytics 184-page report, August 2005. http://nvac.pnl.gov/agenda.stm ISBN 0769523234 (com, uk) ��� Chaomei Chen Information Visualisation and Virtual Environments Springer, 1999. ISBN 1852331364 (com, uk) [Chen, 1999] ��� Chaomei Chen Information Visualization: Beyond the Horizon 2nd Edition, Springer, May 2006. ISBN 184628340X (com, uk) ��� Vladimir Geroimenko and Chaomei Chen Visualizing the Semantic Web, 2nd Edition Springer, 2005. ISBN 1852339764 (com, uk) [Geroimenko and Chen, 2005] ��� Fayyad et al Information Visualization in Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery Morgan Kauf- mann, 2001. ISBN 1558606890 (com, uk) [Usama Fayyad, 2001] ��� + Jacques Bertin Semiology of Graphics ESRI Press, 2010. ISBN 1589482611 (com, uk) [Bertin, 2010] [Reprint] ��� + Jacques Bertin Semiologie �� graphique Editions de l���Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences, 1999. ISBN 2713212774 (com, uk) [Bertin, 1999] [In French] ��� Robert Harris Information Graphics Oxford University Press, 2000. ISBN 0195135326 (com, uk) [Harris, 2000] ��� Richard Saul Wurman Information Architects Watson-Guptill, 1997. ISBN 1888001380 (com, uk) [Wurman, 1997] ��� Edward Tufte Visual Explanations Graphics Press, 1997. ISBN 0961392126 (com, uk) [Tufte, 1997a] ��� Edward Tufte The Visual Display of Quantitative Information Graphics Press, 1992. ISBN 096139210X (com, uk) [Tufte, 1991] ��� Edward Tufte Envisioning Information Graphics Press, 1990. ISBN 0961392118 (com, uk) [Tufte, 1990] ��� Alexandru Telea Data Visualization A. K. Peters, 2007. ISBN 1568813066 (com, uk) [Telea, 2007] ��� Alberto Del Bimbo Visual Information Retrieval Morgan Kaufmann, 1999. ISBN 1558606246 (com, uk) [del Bimbo, 1999] ��� Jorg Blasius and Michael Greenacre Visualization of Categorical Data Academic Press, 1998. ISBN 0122990455 (com, uk) [Blasius and Greenacre, 1998] ��� Teuvo Kohonen, T. S. Huang, and M. R. Schroeder Self-Organizing Maps 3rd Edition, Springer, 2000. ISBN 3540679219 (com, uk) [Kohonen, 2000] ��� Okabe et al Spatial Tessellations 2nd Edition, Wiley, 2000. ISBN 0471986356 (com, uk) [Okabe et al., 2000] ��� Martin Dodge and Rob Kitchin Mapping Cyberspace Routledge, 2000. ISBN 0415198844 (com, uk) [Dodge and Kitchin, 2000] ��� Kevin Lynch The Image of the City MIT Press, 1960. ISBN 0262620014 (com, uk) [Lynch, 1960]

1.1. REFERENCES 3 ��� Richard Gregory Eye and Brain 5th Edition, Princeton University Press, 1997. ISBN 0691048371 (com, uk) [Gregory, 1997] ��� Brian Wandell Foundations of Vision Sinauer Associates, 1995. ISBN 0878938532 (com, uk) [Wan- dell, 1995] ��� Bruce, Green, and Georgeson Visual Perception 4th Edition, Psychology Press, 2003. ISBN 1841692379 (com, uk) [Bruce et al., 2003] Articles ��� Herman et al Graph Visualisation and Navigation in Information Visualisation: A Survey IEEE TVCG, Vol. 6, No. 1, Jan.-Mar. 2000. [Herman et al., 2000] ��� Ben Shneiderman The Eyes Have It: A Task by Data Type Taxonomy for Information Visual- izations Proc. 1996 IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages (VL���96). [Shneiderman, 1996] or [Shneiderman and Plaisant, 2009, Chapter 14] ��� Gershon, Eick, Card Information Visualization ACM interactions, March/April 1998. [Gershon et al., 1998] ��� Nahum Gershon and Steve Eick Visualization���s New Tack: Making Sense of Information IEEE Spectrum, Nov. 1995. [Gershon and Eick, 1995] Online Resources ��� InfoVis Wiki http://www.infovis-wiki.net/ ��� Visual Analytics Digital Library http://vadl.cc.gatech.edu/ ��� Manuel Lima visualcomplexity http://www.visualcomplexity.com/vc/ ��� Michael Friendly Gallery of Data Visualization http://www.math.yorku.ca/SCS/Gallery/ ��� Andrew Vande Moere Information Aesthetics http://infosthetics.com/ ��� IBM Many Eyes http://many-eyes.com/ ��� Gary Ng Information Visualization Resources May 2002. http://www.cs.man.ac.uk/��ngg/ InfoViz/ ��� Martin Dodge Cyber-Geography Research April 2002. http://www.cybergeography.org/ ��� Michael Reed and Dan Heller OLIVE: On-line Library of Information Visualization Environ- ments University of Maryland, Nov. 1997. http://www.otal.umd.edu/Olive/ ��� Peter Young Three Dimensional Information Visualisation University of Durham, Nov. 1996. http://vrg.dur.ac.uk/misc/PeterYoung/pages/work/documents/lit-survey/IV-Survey/ Journals ��� Information Visualization, Palgrave. http://www.palgrave-journals.com/ivs/ ��� IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications. http://www.computer.org/cga/ ��� IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics. http://www.computer.org/tvcg/