This Synthesis Report is based on the assessment carried out by the three Working Groups (WGs) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). It provides an integrated view of cli- mate change as the final part of the IPCCs Fourth…
Earth Sciences
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Compositional models of the Earth are critically dependent on three main sources of information: the seismic profile of the Earth and its interpretation, comparisons between primitive meteorites and the solar nebula composition, and chemical and…
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A practical step-by-step guide to wavelet analysis is given, with examples taken from time series of the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO). The guide includes a comparison to the windowed Fourier transform, the choice of an appropriate wavelet…
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This chapter assesses the capacity of the global climate models used elsewhere in this report for projecting future climate change. Confi dence in model estimates of future climate evolution has been enhanced via a range of advances since the IPCC…
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Subduction zones are where sediments, oceanic crust, and mantle lithosphere return to and reequilibrate with Earth's mantle. Subduction zones are interior expressions of Earth's 55,000 km of convergent plate margins and are the geodynamic system…
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Awareness and a partial understanding of most of the interactive processes in the Earth system that govern climate and climate change predate the IPCC, often by many decades. A deeper understanding and quantifi cation of these processes and their…
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Increasingly reliable regional climate change projections are now available for many regions of the world due to advances in modelling and understanding of the physical processes of the climate system. A number of important themes have emerged:…
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The NCEP and NCAR are cooperating in a project (denoted ''reanalysis'') to produce a 40-year record of global analyses of atmospheric fields in support of the needs of the research and climate monitoring communities. This effort involves the…
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The possibility of a reduced Atlantic thermohaline circulation in response to increases in greenhouse-gas concentrations has been demonstrated in a number of simulations with general circulation models of the coupled ocean-atmosphere system. But it…
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The last 6000 years are of particular interest to the understanding of the Earth System because the boundary conditions of the climate system did not change dramatically (in comparison to larger glacial-interglacial changes), and because abundant,…
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Climate models predict that the ocean's circulation will weaken in response to global warming, but the warming at the end of the last ice age suggests a different outcome.
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The production of thematic maps, such as those depicting land cover, using an image classification is one of the most common applications of remote sensing. Considerable research has been directed at the various components of the mapping process,…
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Global mean surface temperatures have risen by 0.74C 0.18C when estimated by a linear trend over the last 100 years (19062005). The rate of warming over the last 50 years is almost double that over the last 100 years (0.13C 0.03C vs. 0.07C 0.02C per…
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ERA-Interim is the latest global atmospheric reanalysis produced by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). The ERA-Interim project was conducted in part to prepare for a new atmospheric reanalysis to replace ERA-40, which…
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As many as 20 air-borne tephra layers have been identified in the upper Quaternary sequence of deep-sea cores from the eastern Mediterranean. Petrographical examination based on refractive index, phenocryst content, and chemical composition of the…
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Chloroplast RNA splicing 2 (CRS2) is a nuclear-encoded protein required for the splicing of nine group II introns in maize chloroplasts. CRS2 functions in the context of splicing complexes that include one of two CRS2-associated factors (CAF1 and…
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Past episodes of greenhouse warming provide insight into the coupling of climate and the carbon cycle and thus may help to predict the consequences of unabated carbon emissions in the future. 2008 Nature Publishing Group.
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The Antarctic Vostok ice core provided compelling evidence of the nature of climate, and of climate feedbacks, over the past 420,000 years. Marine records suggest that the amplitude of climate variability was smaller before that time, but such…
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During experiments aimed at understanding the mechanisms by which long-chain carbon molecules are formed in interstellar space and circumstellar shells1, graphite has been vaporized by laser irradiation, producing a remarkably stable cluster…
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METHANE is produced at the Earth's surface by various processes, chiefly biological in origin. Koyama1 estimated an annual source of 3 1014 g, with rice paddy fields a major contributor, but did not consider the contribution from natural swamps, and…
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All the texts that should be read by everyone in biological sciences at least once! For everyone adding papers to the collection, it would help a… -
This public group aims to discuss and share about remote sensing and geographic information systems (GIS). You can join and tell us what is in your… -
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Interdisciplinary forum aimed to share articles on a wide range of ecological studies: basic forest ecology, ecosystem ecology, phylogenetics,… -
A massive 9.0 magnitude earthquake hit the Pacific Ocean nearby Northeastern Japan at around 2:46pm on March 11 (JST) causing damage with blackouts,…
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