Broken spacetime symmetries and elastic variables

Abstract

We discuss spontaneous breaking of continuum symmetries, whose generators do explicitly depend on the spacetime coordinates. We clarify the relation between broken symmetries and elastic variables at both zero and finite temperatures, and/or finite densities, and show the general counting rule that is model-independently determined by the symmetry breaking pattern. We apply it to three intriguing examples: rotational, conformal, and gauge symmetries. © 2014 Elsevier B.V.