Experiments with low power commodity hardware platforms for challenged networks
2008 3rd International Conference on Communication Systems Software and Middleware and Workshops COMSWARE 08 (2008)
- ISBN: 9781424417964
- DOI: 10.1109/COMSWA.2008.4554374
Available from ieeexplore.ieee.org
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Experiments with low power commodity hardware platforms for challenged networks
E x p erimen ts w ith L ow P ow er Co mmo d ity
H ard ware P latfo rms fo r Ch allen g ed N etwo rk s
R a ja t S e th i
D e p a r tm e n t o f Co m p u te r Sc ie n c e a n d E n g in e e r in g ,
I n d ia n I n stitu te o f Te c h n o lo g y,
K h a r a g p u r, I n d ia .
E m a il: r a ja t. se th i@iitk g p . a c . in
A bst ract — Wi rel ess op p ort u n i st i c con n ect i on s are t h e p ri mary
mech an i sm for t ran sf erri n g d at a b et w een d i scon n ect ed n od es,
su ch as veh i cl es, remot e sen sors, or vi l l age k i osk s [ 6] , [ 7] i n
a D el ay Tol eran t N et work ( D T N ) [ 2] . E n ergy, b ei n g a scarce
resou rce for su ch ch al l en ged envi ron men t s, req u i res ef fi ci en t
man agemen t . We h i gh l i gh t t h e p ot en t i al for accu rat e sof t w are-
l evel en ergy mod el i n g an d p red i ct i on on commod i t y emb ed d ed
comp u t ers for D T N d ep l oymen t s, su ch as Ki osk N et [ 6] . Ou r
exp eri men t s con fi rm t h at accu rat e p red i ct i on of en ergy con -
su mp t i on , w i t h ou t rel yi n g on an y h ardw are p ow er measu remen t
t ool , i s f easi b l e. We p erformed con t rol l ed mi cro- b en ch mark s on
t h e t h ree maj or comp on en t s of an emb ed d ed comp u t i n g d evi ce:
t h e p rocessor, t h e st orage, an d t h e commu n i cat i on su b - syst ems.
R esu l t s sh ow t h at en ergy con su mp t i on i n al l t h ree fol l ow si mp l e
mod el s. A n al ysi s of su ch measu remen t s p rovi d e st ron g h i n t s t o
t h e syst em d esi gn ers ab ou t p ot en t i al areas of op t i mi zat i on t o
make t h e d evi ce op erat i on s more power- aware.
In dex Terms — C ommu n i cat i on S yst ems, E n ergy M easu remen t ,
E n ergy M an agemen t .
I . I N T R O D U C T I O N
D e la y To le r a n t N e two r k s, b a se d o n th e sto r e - c a r r y - f o r wa r d
p a r a d ig m , a r e e m e rg in g a s a r o bu st, r e lia b le , a n d e ffic ie n t
wa y o f c o n n e c tin g d isc o n n e c te d r eg io n s o f I n te r n e t[ 2] . D T N
d e p loy m e n ts like D ie se lN e t[ 7] , Se N D T [ 1 0] a n d K io sk N e t[ 6] ,
u tiliz e o p p o r tu n istic w ir e le ss c o n n e c tio n s to tr a n sf e r d a ta
bu n d le s b e tw e e n m o b ile ve h ic le a n d sta tio n a r y th r ow b o x ,
se n so r o r k io sk r e sp e c tive ly. T h e se n e two r k s o p e r a te in h ig h ly
c h a lle n g e d e nv ir o n m e n ts su c h a s e le c tr ic ity d e fic ie n t v illa g e s,
n a tu r a l c a la m itie s, w id e sp r e a d se n so r n e two r k s a n d u n d e r wa te r
n e two r k s. T h e r e f o r e , th e d e sig n a n d o p e r a tio n o f D e la y To l-
e r a n t N e two r k s, p ow e r e d b y lim ite d b a tte r y su p p ly o r so la r
c e lls, sh o u ld b e e n e rg y awa r e to in c r e a se lif e tim e .
T h e in c r e a sin g n e e d s f o r r e d u c e d - e n e rg y so lu tio n s h a s sp a r ke d
ex te n sive r e se a r c h in low p ow e r d e sig n te c h n iq u e s. Pow e r-
th r if ty c o m m o d ity h a r d wa r e p la tf o r m s a r e b e in g d eve lo p e d
w h ic h u tiliz e c o m p o n e n ts su c h a s low p ow e r sto r a g e m e d iu m s
in f o r m o f Co m p a c t Fla sh [ 1 9] a n d e ffic ie n t h a r d d isk s[ 2 0] ,
e m b e d d e d p r o c e sso r s. I n th is p a p e r w e sh ow th a t, to in c r e a se
b a tte r y lif e m a n if o ld , it is in su ffic ie n t to sim p ly u se in d iv id u a l
low p ow e r sy ste m c o m p o n e n ts. I n a d d itio n , th e d ev ic e s h ave to
b e o p e r a te d in a p ow e r awa r e fa sh io n e m p loy in g low - p ow e r
sta te tr a n sitio n s a n d p ow e r- p e r f o r m a n c e tr a d e - o ff c o n sid e r a -
tio n s.
Fig . 1 : K io sk N e t To p o lo g ie s
I n o u r ex p e r im e n ts, a K io sk N e t h a r d wa r e p la tf o r m wa s
a u g m e n te d w ith fin e g r a in e d p ow e r m e a su r e m e n t e q u ip m e n ts
to c lo se ly m o n ito r th e p ow e r p r o file f o r c o m p u ta tio n , c o m -
m u n ic a tio n a n d sto r a g e su b sy ste m s, o p e r a tin g u n d e r th e m i-
c r o b e n c h m a r k s. Su c h d ir e c t m e a su r e m e n ts h e lp u s u n d e r sta n d
th e p ow e r- c o n su m p tio n m o d e l o f th e sy ste m , h in tin g th e
sy ste m d e sig n e r s a t p o te n tia l a r e a s o f o p tim iz a tio n s. T h e
p ow e r m o d e l th u s o b ta in e d f u r th e r h e lp s in p r e d ic tin g p ow e r
c o n su m p tio n f o r sta n d a r d D T N a p p lic a tio n s w h ic h c a n b e u se d
f o r in te llig e n tly c h o o sin g p e r f o r m a n c e p a r a m e te r s to lim it th e
p ow e r bu d g e t. We a lso su g g e st a c o m p o n e n t- w ise low - p ow e r
sta te tr a n sitio n m e c h a n ism f o r id le c o n d itio n s, u sin g a lo n g
r a n g e , low b a n d w id th SM S c o n tr o l p la n e .
T h is p a p e r b eg in s b y c o n sid e r in g o th e r a p p lic a tio n s w ith
sim ila r o p e r a tio n a l c h a r a c te r istic s in se c tio n 2 . We th e n p r e se n t
a n in - d e p th c o m p o n e n t- wise ex p e r im e n ta l stu d y f o r p ow e r
b r e a k d ow n in se c tio n 3 . Se c tio n 4 d e sc r ib e s th e ex p e r im e n ts
a n d p r o p o se s a sim p le p ow e r p r e d ic tio n m o d e l. Se c tio n 5
va lid a te s o u r m o d e l b y r u n n in g th e D T N Re f e r e n c e I m p le -
m e n ta tio n ( D RI ) . I n Se c tio n 6 w e p r o p o se id le - m o d e p ow e r
sav in g m e c h a n ism u sin g SM S c o n tr o l p la n e . We th e n c o n c lu d e
th e p a p e r a n d o u tlin e o u r f u tu r e wo r k .
H ard ware P latfo rms fo r Ch allen g ed N etwo rk s
R a ja t S e th i
D e p a r tm e n t o f Co m p u te r Sc ie n c e a n d E n g in e e r in g ,
I n d ia n I n stitu te o f Te c h n o lo g y,
K h a r a g p u r, I n d ia .
E m a il: r a ja t. se th i@iitk g p . a c . in
A bst ract — Wi rel ess op p ort u n i st i c con n ect i on s are t h e p ri mary
mech an i sm for t ran sf erri n g d at a b et w een d i scon n ect ed n od es,
su ch as veh i cl es, remot e sen sors, or vi l l age k i osk s [ 6] , [ 7] i n
a D el ay Tol eran t N et work ( D T N ) [ 2] . E n ergy, b ei n g a scarce
resou rce for su ch ch al l en ged envi ron men t s, req u i res ef fi ci en t
man agemen t . We h i gh l i gh t t h e p ot en t i al for accu rat e sof t w are-
l evel en ergy mod el i n g an d p red i ct i on on commod i t y emb ed d ed
comp u t ers for D T N d ep l oymen t s, su ch as Ki osk N et [ 6] . Ou r
exp eri men t s con fi rm t h at accu rat e p red i ct i on of en ergy con -
su mp t i on , w i t h ou t rel yi n g on an y h ardw are p ow er measu remen t
t ool , i s f easi b l e. We p erformed con t rol l ed mi cro- b en ch mark s on
t h e t h ree maj or comp on en t s of an emb ed d ed comp u t i n g d evi ce:
t h e p rocessor, t h e st orage, an d t h e commu n i cat i on su b - syst ems.
R esu l t s sh ow t h at en ergy con su mp t i on i n al l t h ree fol l ow si mp l e
mod el s. A n al ysi s of su ch measu remen t s p rovi d e st ron g h i n t s t o
t h e syst em d esi gn ers ab ou t p ot en t i al areas of op t i mi zat i on t o
make t h e d evi ce op erat i on s more power- aware.
In dex Terms — C ommu n i cat i on S yst ems, E n ergy M easu remen t ,
E n ergy M an agemen t .
I . I N T R O D U C T I O N
D e la y To le r a n t N e two r k s, b a se d o n th e sto r e - c a r r y - f o r wa r d
p a r a d ig m , a r e e m e rg in g a s a r o bu st, r e lia b le , a n d e ffic ie n t
wa y o f c o n n e c tin g d isc o n n e c te d r eg io n s o f I n te r n e t[ 2] . D T N
d e p loy m e n ts like D ie se lN e t[ 7] , Se N D T [ 1 0] a n d K io sk N e t[ 6] ,
u tiliz e o p p o r tu n istic w ir e le ss c o n n e c tio n s to tr a n sf e r d a ta
bu n d le s b e tw e e n m o b ile ve h ic le a n d sta tio n a r y th r ow b o x ,
se n so r o r k io sk r e sp e c tive ly. T h e se n e two r k s o p e r a te in h ig h ly
c h a lle n g e d e nv ir o n m e n ts su c h a s e le c tr ic ity d e fic ie n t v illa g e s,
n a tu r a l c a la m itie s, w id e sp r e a d se n so r n e two r k s a n d u n d e r wa te r
n e two r k s. T h e r e f o r e , th e d e sig n a n d o p e r a tio n o f D e la y To l-
e r a n t N e two r k s, p ow e r e d b y lim ite d b a tte r y su p p ly o r so la r
c e lls, sh o u ld b e e n e rg y awa r e to in c r e a se lif e tim e .
T h e in c r e a sin g n e e d s f o r r e d u c e d - e n e rg y so lu tio n s h a s sp a r ke d
ex te n sive r e se a r c h in low p ow e r d e sig n te c h n iq u e s. Pow e r-
th r if ty c o m m o d ity h a r d wa r e p la tf o r m s a r e b e in g d eve lo p e d
w h ic h u tiliz e c o m p o n e n ts su c h a s low p ow e r sto r a g e m e d iu m s
in f o r m o f Co m p a c t Fla sh [ 1 9] a n d e ffic ie n t h a r d d isk s[ 2 0] ,
e m b e d d e d p r o c e sso r s. I n th is p a p e r w e sh ow th a t, to in c r e a se
b a tte r y lif e m a n if o ld , it is in su ffic ie n t to sim p ly u se in d iv id u a l
low p ow e r sy ste m c o m p o n e n ts. I n a d d itio n , th e d ev ic e s h ave to
b e o p e r a te d in a p ow e r awa r e fa sh io n e m p loy in g low - p ow e r
sta te tr a n sitio n s a n d p ow e r- p e r f o r m a n c e tr a d e - o ff c o n sid e r a -
tio n s.
Fig . 1 : K io sk N e t To p o lo g ie s
I n o u r ex p e r im e n ts, a K io sk N e t h a r d wa r e p la tf o r m wa s
a u g m e n te d w ith fin e g r a in e d p ow e r m e a su r e m e n t e q u ip m e n ts
to c lo se ly m o n ito r th e p ow e r p r o file f o r c o m p u ta tio n , c o m -
m u n ic a tio n a n d sto r a g e su b sy ste m s, o p e r a tin g u n d e r th e m i-
c r o b e n c h m a r k s. Su c h d ir e c t m e a su r e m e n ts h e lp u s u n d e r sta n d
th e p ow e r- c o n su m p tio n m o d e l o f th e sy ste m , h in tin g th e
sy ste m d e sig n e r s a t p o te n tia l a r e a s o f o p tim iz a tio n s. T h e
p ow e r m o d e l th u s o b ta in e d f u r th e r h e lp s in p r e d ic tin g p ow e r
c o n su m p tio n f o r sta n d a r d D T N a p p lic a tio n s w h ic h c a n b e u se d
f o r in te llig e n tly c h o o sin g p e r f o r m a n c e p a r a m e te r s to lim it th e
p ow e r bu d g e t. We a lso su g g e st a c o m p o n e n t- w ise low - p ow e r
sta te tr a n sitio n m e c h a n ism f o r id le c o n d itio n s, u sin g a lo n g
r a n g e , low b a n d w id th SM S c o n tr o l p la n e .
T h is p a p e r b eg in s b y c o n sid e r in g o th e r a p p lic a tio n s w ith
sim ila r o p e r a tio n a l c h a r a c te r istic s in se c tio n 2 . We th e n p r e se n t
a n in - d e p th c o m p o n e n t- wise ex p e r im e n ta l stu d y f o r p ow e r
b r e a k d ow n in se c tio n 3 . Se c tio n 4 d e sc r ib e s th e ex p e r im e n ts
a n d p r o p o se s a sim p le p ow e r p r e d ic tio n m o d e l. Se c tio n 5
va lid a te s o u r m o d e l b y r u n n in g th e D T N Re f e r e n c e I m p le -
m e n ta tio n ( D RI ) . I n Se c tio n 6 w e p r o p o se id le - m o d e p ow e r
sav in g m e c h a n ism u sin g SM S c o n tr o l p la n e . We th e n c o n c lu d e
th e p a p e r a n d o u tlin e o u r f u tu r e wo r k .
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