Intensity interferometry measurements with hard x-ray FEL pulses at the Linac Coherent Light Source

Abstract

Intensity interferometry measurements were carried out to study the spatial coherence properties of a Free- Electron Laser (FEL) in the Self-Amplified Spontaneous Emission (SASE) mode in the hard X-ray regime. Statistical analyses based on ensemble averages of the spatial intensity correlation function were performed on a large number of pulses, overcoming challenges associated with the FEL beam being non-stationary in time and highly collimated. The second-order intensity correlation functions consistently show deviations from unity, reminiscent of the classical Hanbury-Brown and Twiss effect. They also exhibit a slow decaying spatial dependence at length-scales larger than the width of the beam, indicating a high degree of spatial coherence. These measurements are consistent with the behavior of a highly brilliant but chaotic source obeying Gaussian statistics as expected for a SASE FEL. Our study could be used to devise an in-line diagnostic capable of providing quasi real-time feedback for understanding and tuning the FEL process.