miLD and booLD programs for calculation and analysis of corrected linkage disequilibrium

Abstract

We describe software which calculates a set of linkage disequilibrium statistics, including multiallelic D′ corrected by the bootstrap and permutation. The software also provides a tool for maximum likelihood and least squares estimation and testing of a set of hierarchical hypotheses formulated within the framework of the Malecot model of the decay of linkage disequilibrium with distance. Additionally, the bootstrap approach is used for estimation of the model parameter's confidence intervals and for hypothesis testing. The programs are available from http://www.geneticepi.com/Research/software/software.html. © University College London 2003.