Volatile halocarbons released from Arctic macroalgae

Abstract

Twenty-two different species of Arctic brown, red and green macroalgae, collected in the Kongsfjord at Ny-Alesund (Spitsbergen), were incubated under polar conditions and investigated for their release of volatile halogenated organic compounds (VHOC). Bromoform, dibromomethane, dibromochloromethane, bromodichloromethane, 1,2-dibromoethane, diiodomethane and chloroiodomethane have been identified and their net releases during incubations were determined. Generally, brown and green macroalgae showed higher VHOC release, while red macroalgae had only low release. Bromoform was released in relatively large quantities from all species studied, with the highest release observed from the brown algae Dictyosyphon foeniculaceus (0.3 μg g-1 wet algal weight day-1) and Laminaria saccharina (0.15 μg g-1 wet algal weight day-1), and from the green algae Monostroma arcticum (0.3 μg g-1 wet algal weight day-1) and Blidingia minima (0.27 μg g-1 wet algal weight day-1). Dibromomethane, diiodomethane, dibromochloromethane and 1,2-dibromoethane showed lower net release during the incubations. The net release of chloroiodomethane and bromodichloromethane was very low for the most algae species investigated. Based on the distribution of these algae in the Arctic environment, Dictyosiphon foeniculaceus and Laminaria saccharina may be important sources for VHOC because of high release and high biomass. Release of VHOC could be detected from all parts of the thallus of the macroalga. This may provide some evidence for a possible role of VHOC production as a chemical mechanism in algae.