New glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase inhibitor from the Red Sea sponge Echinoclathria sp

Abstract

Chemical investigation of the methanol extract of the Red Sea sponge Echinoclathria sp., led to the isolation of two pure compounds, one new sterol, named as (echinosterol), compound (1), along with known first reported sterol, (thalassosterol), compound (2). Structure elucidation was achieved using different spectroscopic techniques. The in vitro cytotoxic activity of the isolated compounds was tested against three human cancer cell lines, MCF-7, HepG2, and HeLa. Both compounds displayed strong to moderate cytotoxicity with IC50 values ranged from 3.23 to 28.1 µM. Subsequent pharmacophore-based virtual screening proposed glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) as the possible protein targets for both compounds, where they exhibited nanomolar inhibition (IC50 14.59 ± 0.77 and 23.86 ± 1.25, and Ki 15.3 ± 1.11 and 9.6 ± 1.2 µM, respectively) upon the in vitro testing. Docking and molecular dynamic simulation studies were further illustrated the binding modes of both compounds inside the enzyme's active site.