Valorization of Oil Cakes for Various Applications: A Comprehensive Review

Abstract

Oil cakes, the by-products of oilseed processing, have been widely explored for their valorization in various industrial applications due to their rich nutrient content. Oil cakes have been effectively utilized as substrates for fermentative production of enzymes, antibiotics, and bioplastics. They are also valuable in the production of biogas, bioethanol, and organic fertilizers. Furthermore, oil cakes have significant potential in the food industry as protein supplements, in the cosmetic industry for bioactive compounds, and in agriculture for phytonematode management. This review consolidates empirical data on the various conversion technologies and product streams derived from oil cakes, underscoring their potential to contribute to a circular economy and sustainable industrial practices.