Coffee Consumption and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus among Middle-aged Finnish Men and Women

Abstract

Context: Only a few studies of coffee consumption and diabetes mellitus (DM) have been reported, even though coffee is the most consumed beverage in the world. Objective: To determine the relationship between coffee consumption and the incidence of type 2 DM among Finnish individuals, who have the highest coffee consumption in the world. Design, Setting, and Participants: A prospective study from combined surveys conducted in 1982, 1987, and 1992 of 6974 Finnish men and 7655 women aged 35 to 64 years without history of stroke, coronary heart disease, or DM at baseline, with 175682 person-years of follow-up. Coffee consumption and other study parameters were determined at baseline using standardized measurements. Main Outcome Measures: Hazard ratios (HRs) for the incidence of type 2 DM were estimated for different levels of daily coffee consumption. Results: During a mean follow-up of 12 years, there were 381 incident cases of type 2 DM. After adjustment for confounding factors (age, study year, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, education, occupational, commuting and leisure-time physical activity, alcohol and tea consumption, and smoking), the HRs of DM associated with the amount of coffee consumed daily (0-2, 3-4, 5-6, 7-9, ≥10 cups) were 1.00, 0.71 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.48-1.05), 0.39 (95% CI, 0.25-0.60), 0.39 (95% CI, 0.20-0.74), and 0.21(95% CI, 0.06-0.69) (P for trend