The Hybrid State and Regulation of Land and Real Estate: A Case Study of Gurugram, Haryana

Abstract

How are neoliberal reforms in land development and real estate markets in Gurugram (India) operationalised? How are market-promoting and market-creating policies shaped and implemented in the specific land and real estate markets of Gurugram? In order to engage with these questions, this paper invokes the concept of the hybrid state, which helps us understand the formal and informal dynamics of the state's endeavour to regulate economic activities in the interest of economic growth and revenue while also adhering to path-dependent informal socio-political norms and reshaping newer forms of informality.