Ocean Complexity Shapes Sea Surface Temperature Variability in a CESM2 Coupled Model Hierarchy

Abstract

To improve understanding of ocean processes impacting monthly sea surface temperature (SST) variability, we analyze a Community Earth System Model, version 2, hierarchy in which models vary only in their degree of ocean complexity. The most realistic ocean is a dynamical ocean model, as part of a fully coupled model (FCM). The next most realistic ocean, from a mechanically decoupled model (MDM), is like the FCM but excludes anomalous wind stress–driven ocean variability. The simplest ocean is a slab ocean model (SOM). Inclusion of a buoyancy coupled dynamic ocean as in the MDM, which includes temperature advection and vertical mixing absent in the SOM, leads to dampening of SST variance everywhere and reduced persistence of SST anomalies in the high latitudes and equatorial Pacific compared to the SOM. Inclusion of anomalous wind stress–driven ocean dynamics as in the FCM leads to higher SST variance and longer persistence time scales in most regions compared to the MDM. The net role of the dynamic ocean, as an overall dampener or amplifier of anomalous SST variance and persistence, is regionally dependent. Notably, we find that efforts to reduce the complexity of the ocean models in the SOM and MDM configurations result in changes in the magnitude of the thermodynamic forcing of SST variability compared to the FCM. These changes, in part, stem from differences in the seasonally varying mixed layer depth and should be considered when attempting to quantify the relative contribution of certain ocean mechanisms to differences in SST variability between the models.