A Comprehensive Review of ns-3-Based Simulation Frameworks for LEO Satellite Constellations: Capabilities and Limitations

Abstract

Background: Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite constellations are redefining the concept of global connectivity, opening up a new world of opportunities for communication services and applications. Purpose: The emergence of LEO satellites (SATs) is ushering in a new era of innovation, where new complex technologies are being developed, and the use of appropriate simulation environments is an essential part of this. LEO constellations promise low-latency, high-bandwidth Internet but require robust simulation tools due to their dynamic nature and the integration of numerous terrestrial and space nodes. Results: In this paper, we review ns-3-based simulation frameworks widely referenced in relevant research work in the field of LEO constellation communications. We provide a technical overview, highlighting strengths and limitations, and offering valuable knowledge of the overall simulation tools for researchers focusing on high-level end-to-end communication aspects over LEO constellations.