Socioeconomic and geographical disparities in disability distribution among Tanzanian population: insights from the 2022 demographic and health survey and malaria indicator survey

Abstract

Background: Disability is a significant public health issue globally, especially in sub-Saharan Africa, including Tanzania, where its prevalence is high. Effective health service planning requires reliable data on disability prevalence and distribution. However, Tanzania lacks sufficient empirical data, hindering social service planning. This study aims to examine socioeconomic and geographical disparities in disability among Tanzanians aged 15–95 years. Methodology: This study utilized secondary data from the 2022 Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey and Malaria Indicator Survey (TDHS-MIS), comprising a weighted sample of 58,425 individuals. The dependent variable was disability status, while independent variables included demographic and socioeconomic factors. Descriptive analysis, chi-square tests, and modified Poisson regression were employed to assess associations, with p-values < 0.05 indicating significance. Results: The overall disability prevalence was 11%. Older individuals (≥ 50 years) had a higher prevalence ratio (Adjusted prevalence ratio (APR): 3.85; 95% CI: 3.33, 4.52) compared to those aged 15–29. Females had a higher prevalence ratio (APR: 2.67; 95% CI: 2.63, 2.71) than males. Individuals with secondary education (APR: 2.58; 95% CI: 2.51, 2.65) and separated/widowed individuals (APR: 2.91; 95% CI: 2.74, 3.09) were more likely to report disability. Wealthiest households (APR: 2.74; 95% CI: 2.75, 2.9) and those with health insurance (APR: 2.83; 95% CI: 2.86, 2.99) had higher disability prevalence. Regional disparities showed the Northern zone had a higher prevalence ratio (APR: 2.77; 95% CI: 2.87, 3.00) compared to the Lake zone. Conclusion: This study highlights significant disability prevalence in Tanzania, with older age, female gender, higher education, wealth, and marital separation as key risk factors for disability. The counterintuitive findings on wealth and education may indicate improved access to diagnosis. Regional disparities warrant further investigation. These findings emphasize the need for targeted interventions and further research into underlying mechanisms to improve support systems for vulnerable populations.