Exploring the role of gaze behaviour in socially shared regulation of collaborative learning in a group task

Abstract

Background: The necessity of supporting socially shared regulation of learning (SSRL) for learners is widely acknowledged as a crucial element for successful collaborative learning (CL). However, inherent challenges are presented for the observation, study, and support of SSRL. Non-verbal behaviours have been identified as a potentially rich resource for understanding learner interactions within CL. Yet, the exploration of its impact on SSRL remains largely unexplored. Objective: The present study aims to explore how gaze behaviour, as a non-verbal behaviour, relates to verbal interactions that characterise SSRL in CL. Methods: Twenty-seven Finnish secondary school students were given a 30-min group task of creating a breakfast smoothie, in which trigger events were integrated to examine possible interactions that characterise SSRL. In this experimental setting, data from multiple modalities were collected. For analysis, process mining was used to explore patterns of interaction, and multidimensional recurrence quantification analysis (MdRQA) was used, alongside with statistical analysis. Results and Conclusions: Our study revealed that gaze behaviour is intricately linked with SSRL interactions, suggesting a complex interplay in collaborative learning contexts. When temporally investigated, SSRL interactions varied in frequency while gaze behaviour remained constant. Moreover, the recurrence of gaze and SSRL interactions did not vary due to trigger events, confirming an established collaborative pattern. Implications: This study advances the field by extending research on SSRL by introducing a ‘non-verbal perspective’. This perspective enriches our understanding of collaborative learning environments by revealing hidden interaction patterns and guiding the development of more responsive and adaptive digital learning tools.