Global characterization of the ocean’s internal wave spectrum

Abstract

A key ingredient of energetically consistent ocean models is the parameterized link between small-scale turbulent mixing, an important energy source of large-scale ocean dynamics, and internal gravity wave en-ergetics. Theory suggests that this link depends on the wave field’s spectral characteristics, but because of the paucity of suitable observations, its parameterization typically relies on a model spectrum [Garrett–Munk (GM)] with constant parameters. Building on the so-called ‘‘finestructure method,’’ internal gravity wave spectra are derived from vertical strain profiles obtained from Argo floats to provide a global estimate of the spatial and temporal variability of the GM model’s spectral parameters. For spectral slopes and wavenumber scales, the highest variability and the strongest deviation from the model’s canonical parameters are observed in the North Atlantic, the northwest Pacific, and the Southern Ocean. Internal wave energy levels in the upper ocean are well represented by the GM model value equatorward of approximately 508, while they are up to two orders of magnitude lower poleward of this latitude. The use of variable spectral parameters in the energy level calculation hides the seasonal cycle in the northwest Pacific that was previously observed for constant parameters. The global estimates of how the GM model’s spectral parameters vary in space and time are hence expected to add relevant detail to various studies on oceanic internal gravity waves, deepening the understanding of their energetics and improving parameterizations of the mixing they induce.