A Review on the Phytochemical Properties, Antimicrobial Activity, and Medicinal Potential of the Geranium Genus

Abstract

Geranium is a botanically diverse genus with widespread traditional use, valued for its rich phytochemical profile, including flavonoids, tannins, phenolic acids, and essential oils. This review summarizes current findings on the phytochemical composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities, and medicinal relevance of Geranium species. Compounds such as quercetin, kaempferol, geraniin, and proanthocyanidins are associated with strong antioxidant properties, promoting free radical scavenging and cellular protection. Furthermore, essential oils and extracts from species like G. robertianum and G. wallichianum exhibit significant antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and various fungi, including resistant strains. These effects are linked to secondary metabolites that disrupt membranes, inhibit microbial enzymes, and modulate oxidative stress. Ethnobotanical applications are increasingly supported by pharmacological data, highlighting their potential in pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and veterinary fields. However, chemical variability due to geographic factors remains a challenge. Future research should prioritize compound isolation, in vivo studies, safety profiling, and advanced formulations. Given their bioactivity, low toxicity, and compatibility with modern technologies, Geranium species offer promising prospects for novel therapeutic developments.