Couvade Syndrome: History and Current Perspectives

Abstract

Couvade syndrome occurs when expectant fathers experience psychological and somatic symptoms typical of pregnancy. Common somatic symptoms include gastrointestinal problems, toothache, heartburn, fatigue and back pain, while anxiety is the most commonly reported psychological symptom. Symptoms typically manifest during the first trimester of the partner’s pregnancy, decrease or disappear during the second trimester, increase during the third trimester, and usually resolve after delivery. The aetiology of Couvade’s syndrome remains unclear, with psychoanalytic theories suggesting paternal anxiety and feelings of marginalisation. Hormonal changes, including increased cortisol, estradiol, prolactin and decreased testosterone levels during the third trimester, are also thought to be contributing factors. The prevalence varies widely, from 11% to 97%, depending on the population studied. Despite its reported prevalence, research into Couvade’s syndrome is limited, especially studies involving closely related women with similar symptoms. The findings highlight the need for further research to better understand this phenomenon and its impact on family dynamics during pregnancy.