Modeling willingness to pay for park-and-ride systems: evidence from Kumasi

Abstract

As Kumasi, Ghana, faces increasing traffic congestion and environmental pressures, rethinking how streets function in everyday urban life is becoming critical. This study explores the potential of a park-and-ride (P&R) system as part of a broader shift toward more sustainable and efficient street use. Using survey data from 501 commuters, we examine willingness to pay (WTP), payment preferences, and socio-demographic factors influencing uptake. Over 90% of the respondents expressed interest in using P&R services, particularly under a flexible, pay-per-use model. Age and employment status were key predictors of WTP, with older adults and those in informal work being less likely to participate. While the model showed high predictive accuracy (90.4%), its low specificity (2.04%) indicates a risk of overestimating demand. Spatial analysis identified key traffic nodes–such as Suame and Komfo Anokye roundabouts–as optimal for these multimodal hubs. The choice of these locations highlighted the importance of integrating P&R with broader street planning efforts, including BRT systems, user safety, and coordinated governance. By examining how such infrastructure can reduce car dependency and support multimodal mobility, this study contributes to emerging discussions about how African cities can reimagine streets for accessibility, sustainability and equity.