Chemical composition, biological activity, and utilization of chia seeds (Salviae hispanicae semen)

Abstract

The source of chia seeds (Salviae hispanicae semen) is Spanish sage (Salvia hispanica L .; Lamiaceae). This plant raw material is distinguished by a rich chemical composition, and is referred as "healthy food" and is included to the "functional food". The aim of this work was the review of the scientific literature on the S. hispanica species, its chemical composition, biological properties, importance in the diet, and its use in medicine and cosmetology. The rich chemical composition -particularly high content of essential unsaturated fatty acids (EFA), essential amino acids, polyphenols, as well as vitamins and bioelements, determine the valuable biological properties of chia seeds. This raw material has proven cardioprotective, antihypertensive, anti-diabetic and antiatherosclerotic properties. Studies conducted on in vitro, animal and human models indicate that chia seeds also have neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. The latest research also proves the immunostimulating effect and its significant role in the prevention of cancer. Numerous scientific studies confirm that the use of chia seeds can be an innovative therapeutic perspective used in the prevention and treatment of civilization diseases. S. hispanica is also used in cosmetology. The raw materials obtained from it are an ingredient for the production of cosmetics and perfumes and aromas. In addition, chia seeds are included in the dietary supplements and are used in the food industry as an important, health-promoting ingredient in the diet, with scientifically proven safety of use. Chia seeds are currently a raw material that is gaining popularity in the food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries in Europe, including Poland, not only due to its chemical composition and biological activity, but also due to its availability. Despite S. hispanica is a species with a very limited natural habitats (Central America), it is successfully cultivated in many parts of the world.