Anatomy, function, biomechanics, and regenerative properties of Wharton’s jelly in the umbilical cord

Abstract

Over the past decade, the human umbilical cord has been recognized as a significant and ethical source of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), particularly Wharton’s jelly (WJ). WJ, as a connective tissue of the cord, possesses gelatinous uniformity and is being studied in regenerative medicine for certain modalities. This mucoid tissue provides a remarkable therapeutic potential through its extracellular matrix components, MSCs, and proteoglycans, while serving biochemical and protective functions during fetal development. This review highlights the advancements in WJ’s biological structure and function, biomechanical characteristics, and regenerative capacities, with a special focus on WJ-acquired MSCs alongside their clinical translation. Current research reveals that WJ-MSCs may be used in clinical settings as a potential source due to their high proliferation capacity, differentiation capabilities, and an immunomodulatory profile, compared to adult-tissue-derived stem cells. These significant properties make this tissue a good candidate for cell-based interventions.