Modern methods in managing urachal adenocarcinoma

Abstract

Objectives We sought to evaluate modern diagnostic and treatment options for urachal adenocarcinoma (UAC) and to provide clarity regarding the available options and their outcomes for this poorly understood yet damaging disease. Material and methods We conducted a systematic literature search in PubMed and Medline focusing on updated management of UAC. Results Surgical intervention continues to be the mainstay of treatment for localized UAC. However, with the increased availability of molecular and genetic profiling, chemotherapy has consistently demonstrated promising response rates and survival outcomes, especially for a disease that commonly presents in a metastatic stage. The role of checkpoint inhibitors remains under investigation. Cross-sectional imaging is vital during postoperative surveillance. However, there may also be a role for the adoption of cystoscopy to detect bladder recurrence. Conclusions Although the importance of surgical resection remains unchanged, improved survival outcomes with chemotherapy have been found in small retrospective studies. Randomized trial data are required to further assess the influence of systemic treatment as a primary or adjuvant therapy. Moreover, a stringent follow-up regimen incorporating evaluation for distant and local recurrence of UAC must be evaluated and adopted.