Ethical Impacts of AI in Energy Transitions

Abstract

This paper examines the ethical implications of artificial intelligence (AI) adoption in energy transitions, focusing on environmental and social equity outcomes. The analysis investigates the relationship between AI-driven technological progress and environmental effects, measured by CO₂ emissions, alongside social equity impacts, captured through energy consumption per capita. Two panel regression models are estimated using annual data for the United States, the United Kingdom, Japan, and the European Union over the period 2014–2022. These economies provide a comparative perspective on how distinct regulatory frameworks, technological maturity, and societal values shape the ethical integration of AI in energy systems. The results indicate that AI-related innovation, via high-technology exports and R&D investment, can mitigate CO₂ emissions, yet it may simultaneously drive higher emissions through increased energy demand from economic expansion. While AI adoption promotes more equitable energy access in advanced regions, it may reinforce consumption inequalities elsewhere. The findings highlight both the constructive and unintended effects of AI on sustainable energy and ethics. The study underscores the need for adaptive AI governance frameworks that balance innovation with environmental responsibility and social justice in achieving sustainable energy transitions.