Muscle-skeletal pain

Abstract

The paper is devoted to the most complicated aspects of low back pain. The differences between specific and nonspecific low back pain using the red flags system is highlighted. The authors consider the causes of pain chronification (the yellow flags system) and the necessity of using a biopsychosocial model. Main pathogenetic mechanisms of chronic muscle/skeletal pain are considered and the possible involvement of several mechanisms in the pathogenesis of chronic pain as well as the use of complex therapy is discussed. The high efficacy and safety of ketorolac in treatment of nonspecific muscle/skeletal pain is demonstrated.