Single-molecule inhibition of human kinesin by adociasulfate-13 and -14 from the sponge Cladocroce aculeata

Abstract

Two merotriterpenoid hydroquinone sulfates designated adociasulfate- 13 (1) and adociasulfate-14 (2) were purified from Cladocroce aculeata (Chalinidae) along with adociasulfate-8. All three compounds were found to inhibit microtubule-stimulated ATPase activity of kinesin at 15 ?M by blocking both the binding ofmicrotubules and the processive motion of kinesin along microtubules. These findings directly show that substitution of the 5?-sulfate in 1 for a glycolic acid moiety in 2 maintains kinesin inhibition. Nomarski imaging and bead diffusion assays in the presence of adociasulfates showed no signs of either free-floating or bead-bound adociasulfate aggregates. Single-molecule biophysical experiments also suggest that inhibition of kinesin activity does not involve adociasulfate aggregation. Furthermore, both mitotic and nonmitotic kinesins are inhibited by adociasulfates to a significantly different extent. We also report evidence that microtubule binding of nonkinesin microtubule binding domains may be affected by adociasulfates.