Onset of Preclinical Alzheimer Disease in Monozygotic Twins

Abstract

Objective: The present work was undertaken to study the genetic contribution to the start of Alzheimer's disease (AD) with amyloid and tau biomarkers in cognitively intact older identical twins. Methods: We studied in 96 monozygotic twin-pairs relationships between amyloid-beta (Aβ) aggregation as measured by the Aβ1–42/1–40 ratio in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF; n = 126) and positron emission tomography (PET, n = 194), and CSF markers for Aβ production (beta-secretase 1, Aβ1–40, and Aβ1–38) and CSF tau. Associations among markers were tested with generalized estimating equations including a random effect for twin status, adjusted for age, gender, and apolipoprotein E ε4 genotype. We used twin analyses to determine relative contributions of genetic and/or environmental factors to AD pathophysiological processes. Results: Twenty-seven individuals (14%) had an abnormal amyloid PET, and 14 twin-pairs (15%) showed discordant amyloid PET scans. Within twin-pairs, Aβ production markers and total-tau (t-tau) levels strongly correlated (r range = 0.73–0.86, all p < 0.0001), and Aβ aggregation markers and 181-phosphorylated-tau (p-tau) levels correlated moderately strongly (r range = 0.50–0.64, all p < 0.0001). Cross-twin cross-trait analysis showed that Aβ1–38 in one twin correlated with Aβ1–42/1–40 ratios, and t-tau and p-tau levels in their cotwins (r range = −0.28 to 0.58, all p < 0.0001). Twin discordance analyses suggest that Aβ production and tau levels show coordinated increases in very early AD. Interpretation: Our results suggest a substantial genetic/shared environmental background contributes to both Aβ and tau increases, suggesting that modulation of environmental risk factors may aid in delaying the onset of AD pathophysiological processes. ANN NEUROL 2021;89:987–1000.