Effects of Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists on Skin Homeostasis and Skin Aging Processes

Abstract

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is an incretin hormone involved in glucose regulation. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) are widely used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity, as well as in cardiovascular risk reduction. Recent evidence suggests that GLP-1 receptors are expressed in cutaneous tissues; however, their role in skin homeostasis and aging remains insufficiently clarified. This review summarizes recent experimental and clinical studies examining the effects of GLP-1 receptor agonists on skin homeostasis, wound healing, regeneration, and aging processes. Experimental data indicate that GLP-1 RAs may promote wound healing through modulation of inflammatory pathways, enhancement of keratinocyte migration, improved microvascular perfusion, and support of fibroblast function. Antioxidant and cytoprotective mechanisms have also been described. Conversely, rapid weight loss associated with GLP-1 RA therapy has been linked to structural facial changes, including reduction in dermal white adipose tissue and decreased collagen synthesis, which may clinically resemble accelerated skin aging. Mechanistic findings suggest heterogeneous and pathway-dependent effects. Overall, the impact of GLP-1 receptor agonists on skin biology appears multifaceted, and further well-designed clinical studies are required to determine their precise dermatological implications.