Physicochemical Characterization of Thermally Processed Goose Bone Ash for Bone Regeneration

Abstract

Goose bone is traditionally applied for many ailments including bone fractures. Goose bone that consists of calcium phosphate plays a major role in bone regeneration. In this study, the production of goose bone ash (GBA) was translated from a traditional process into one of a laboratory scale via thermal and mechanical methods. The GBA was thermally processed via calcination at 300 °C and 900 °C. The differences in physicochemical properties between studied GBA (SGBA) and commercial GBA (CGBA) were elucidated via Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and electron diffraction X-Ray (EDX). The morphological properties of SGBA and CGBA were characterized using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) in which nano-sized particles were detected. The results showed that the SGBA of 300 °C had comparable physicochemical properties to those of CGBA. A high processing temperature was associated with decreasing organic compounds and increasing crystallinity. The finding from EDX suggests that sintering at 900 °C (SGBA 900) demonstrated the presence of hydroxyapatite in the mineralogical phase and had a Ca/P atomic ratio of 1.64 which is comparable to the ideal stoichiometric ratio of 1.67. Findings from this study could be used for the further exploration of GBA as a potential material for bone regeneration via the elucidation of their biological properties in the next experimental setting.