The lignan manassantin is a potent and specific inhibitor of mitochondrial complex I and bioenergetic activity in mammals

Abstract

Dineolignans manassantinAandBfrom the plant Saururus cernuus are used in traditional medicine to manage a wide range of ailments such as edema, jaundice, and gonorrhea. Cell-based studies have identified several molecular target candidates of manassantin including NF-B, MAPK, STAT3, and hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α). It is unclear whether or how these structurally diverse proteins or pathways mediate any of the medical benefits of manassantin in vivo. Moreover, it has recently been reported that manassantin causes developmental arrest in zebrafishbyinhibiting the mitochondrial complex I, but it is unknown whether manassantin inhibits mitochondrial respiration in intact mammalian cells and live animals. Here,wepresent direct evidence that manassantin potentlyandspecifically inhibits the mitochondrialcomplex I and bioenergetic activity in mammalian systems. Manassantin had no effect on complex II- or complex IV-mediated respiration. Of note, it decreased NADH-ubiquinone reductase activity but not the activity of NADH-ferricyanide reductase. Treatment with manassantin reduced cellular ATP levels and concomitantly stimulated AMP-Activated protein kinase in vitro and in vivo. As an adaptive response to manassantin-induced bioenergetic deficiency, mammalian cells up-regulated aerobic glycolysis, a process mediated by AMP-Activated protein kinase (AMPK) independently of HIF-1α. Together these results demonstrate a biologically important activity of manassantin in the control of complex I-mediated respiration and its profound effects on oxygen utilization, energy homeostasis, and glucose metabolism in mammalian cells.