Improvement of Vietnam’s Policies on Agricultural Exports in Context of U.S. Reciprocal Tariffs

Abstract

The imposition of reciprocal tariffs by the United States has significantly impacted Vietnam’s agricultural export sector, challenging its trade stability and policy responsiveness. This study aims to review and assess Vietnam’s existing agricultural export policies in light of these external shocks, while proposing improvements to enhance competitiveness and resilience. By employing content analysis as the primary research methodology, the paper systematically examines relevant laws, government decisions, trade agreements, and policy reports issued by key institutions. The research is framed within three theoretical perspectives: trade policy theory, global value chain (GVC) theory, and institutional theory. These frameworks are used to explore the external policy tools available, Vietnam’s position in international supply chains, and the institutional capacity to adapt to changing trade environments. Findings indicate that Vietnam’s current policy framework remains fragmented and reactive, with limited coordination among ministries, underdeveloped value-added strategies, and weak institutional mechanisms for export promotion and enforcement. The study emphasizes the importance of integration of agricultural policy strategically with trade diplomacy, institutional reform, and value chain upgrading. Ultimately, the paper suggests that a more comprehensive and proactive policy approach―grounded in international economic theory and supported by effective governance―will be essential to safeguard and strengthen Vietnam’s agricultural exports in the evolving global trade landscape.