A Review on Recent Developments for the Cure of Salmonella Enterica Serovar Typhi, the Causative Agent for Typhoid Fever

Abstract

Salmonella enterica typhi is typhoid or enteric fever agent which is a serious water-borne disease and is a human host restricted organism. So, an important cause of death in underdeveloped countries, typhoid fever is a public health concern. Worldwide, 15-30 million people suffer from this disease every year, causing more than 200,000 deaths. However, several lines of evidence suggest that the advent of multidrug-resistant non-typhoidal strains of Salmonella has an important impact on the effectiveness of current strategies, including reductions in the effectiveness of early empirical treatment for controlling and managing foodborne diseases. Recent studies show more than 2000 strains of salmonella bacteria with around 100 strains connected to human infection - with myriad common strains from Salmonella Heidelberg to Typhimurium to Salmonella infantis. The multi-medicinal strain S. Typhi H58 has developed into the main circulating strain in many parts of the world, and an extensively drug-resistant (XDR) subclade has been recently found. Most of the people agree that the most effective way to control infection is to vaccinate susceptible populations. The commercially available live attenuated (Ty21a) vaccine, on the other hand, is not recommendable for children under the age of six, whereas the poor long-term efficacy of Vi-polysaccharide-based vaccine against typhoid fever. Furthermore, there are no vaccines available to protect against S. para typhi infection. Subsequently, a new formulation is urgently needed that can provide long-term protection against both pathogens while healthy for all age groups. Pakistan is the first country in the world to incorporate the WHO-recommended conjugate vaccine into its routine typhoid immunization program (2019). As a result, the purpose of this review is to describe the various diagnostic procedures for typhoid fever diagnosis and cure development. This article addressed some of the elements and components required for the implementation of typhoid vaccine. With an analysis of past and current enteric fever vaccines in progress as well as the ethical issues relevant to CHIM in typhoid vaccine efficacy research, we have combined the new methods to predict typhoid burden and vaccines impact.