Multidimensional clinical profiles of Saudi adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis: an exploratory cross-sectional study

Abstract

Background: Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is a prevalent musculoskeletal condition. We explore adolescents’ profiles with AIS, and associations between quality of life (QoL) with factors such as psychological distress, joint hypermobility, body mass index, and physical activity levels. Methods: This cross-sectional study recruited adolescents (aged 10–18 yrs) with AIS from King Fahd Medical City, Riyadh, with a Cobb angle ≥ 10°. Consecutive patients from relevant clinics were invited to complete baseline physical assessment and questionnaires, including the Scoliosis Research Society-22r, Pain Numeric Rating Scale (NRS), International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), and Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21. Multiple linear regression analysis was performed to examine relationships between QoL and a range of explanatory factors. Results: Sixty-nine participants age (median (IQR) 15 (4) yrs) were enrolled. Physical activity was low, with only 17.4% engaging in exercise weekly. Participants reported moderate pain intensity (median (IQR) NRS score 5 (5)) and generalized joint hypermobility (median (IQR) Beighton score 6 (4)). SRS-22 scores indicated a moderate QoL impact because of AIS. Multiple linear regression revealed pain intensity and physical activity to be associated with QoL (p < 0.05), accounting for 35.8% of its total score variability, with pain intensity being the most substantial contributor (β = −0.527). Conclusion: This study comprehensively assesses the multidimensional impacts of AIS on Saudi individuals with AIS. Pain is the most important factor associated with QoL, followed by physical activity. Clinically, addressing pain should be prioritized in the management of AIS to improve overall well-being and enhance patient QoL.