Computational Modelling and Simulation of Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering

Abstract

Three-dimensional porous scaffolds are substitutes for traditional bone grafts in bone tissue engineering (BTE) applications to restore and treat bone injuries and defects. The use of computational modelling is gaining momentum to predict the parameters involved in tissue healing and cell seeding procedures in perfusion bioreactors to reach the final goal of optimal bone tissue growth. Computational modelling based on finite element method (FEM) and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) are two standard methodologies utilised to investigate the equivalent mechanical properties of tissue scaffolds, as well as the flow characteristics inside the scaffolds, respectively. The success of a computational modelling simulation hinges on the selection of a relevant mathematical model with proper initial and boundary conditions. This review paper aims to provide insights to researchers regarding the selection of appropriate finite element (FE) models for different materials and CFD models for different flow regimes inside perfusion bioreactors. Thus, these FEM/CFD computational models may help to create efficient designs of scaffolds by predicting their structural properties and their haemodynamic responses prior to in vitro and in vivo tissue engineering (TE) applications.