Dental Biofilm and Saliva Biochemical Composition Changes in Young Orthodontic Patients

Abstract

in the mouth can be affected, and often a number of anterior teeth show decalcification. Whilst the surface demineralizion remains intact, there is a possibility of demineralization of the lesion. In severe cases, frank cavitation is seen which requires restorative intervention. Half of children treated with fixed orthodontic appliances had at least one white spot after treatment; maxillary lateral incisors are most commonly affected site [4]. The incidence or number of white spot formations did not in proportional to the length of treatment, although many studies [5,6] found that rapidly demineralization can occur within thefirst month of fixed orthodontic appliance treatment. This has focused on aesthetic implications and the need for the rate of caries assessment before treatment. On the other hand, there was no incidence of white spot formation associated with lingual bonded retainers, which would suggest flow rate and salivary buffering capacity, have an important role in surface protection against acid attack [4]. Some authors concluded that, the biochemical of saliva and dental biofilm contribute significantly to interact between the oral environment and the mineral tissue of the teeth. Saliva is an exocrine secretion with 99% water and a variety of proteins and electrolytes including sodium, potassium, Calcium, chlorine, magnesium, bicarbonate, and phosphorus. The main functions of saliva include protecting and cleaning the mouth, also to maintain the pH and integrity of hard and soft tissues in the oral cavity [7]. The analysis of organic and inorganic composition of saliva may contribute to the evaluation of caries incidence and to diagnose of other associated diseases [8]. Cariogenicity of the dental biofilm depend on electrolytes level such as fluoride, calcium, and phosphorus, may also be associated with caries incidence increase if its Insoluble extracellular polysaccharide content is low [9,10]. Insoluble extracellular polysaccharide plays an important role in bacterial adhesion; the Insoluble extracellular polysaccharide on cell walls of the bacteria also increases biofilm thickness, resulting in increased acid formation at the tooth