Quantification of hemodynamic parameters using four-dimensional flow MRI

Abstract

MRI provides non-invasive and non-ionizing methods for the accurate anatomic depiction ofthe cardiovascular system. Based on the inherent flow sensitivity, MRI can be used to investigatehemodynamic features in patients with anatomical data within a single measurement. Inparticular, time-resolved and three-dimensional (3D) characterization of blood flow using 4D flowMRI has achieved considerable progress in recent years. The present article reviews the principleand procedures of 4D Flow MRI. Various fluid dynamic biomarkers for possible clinical usage arealso described, including wall shear stress, turbulent kinetic energy, and relative pressure. Finally,this article provides an overview of the clinical applications of 4D Flow MRI in various cardiovascularregions. Copyrights