Characterization and potential applications of silver nanoparticles: an insight on different mechanisms

Abstract

In the 21st century, a great interest is devoted to biomedical application of various nanoparticles, particularly, as a means of improving the effectiveness of therapy for different diseases. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are among the most studied types of nanoparticles. Due to the wide spectrum of their action, silver nanoparticles may be used both to influence pathogenic microorganisms and to improve the treatment of cancer. The basic physicochemical characteristics and stabilizing agents play an important modifying role in the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of nanoparticles, determining the severity of the caused effect and their potential toxicity. This review summarizes the main physicochemical properties of AgNPs and their impact on the biological effects. Additionally, biochemical and pathophysiological mechanisms of silver nanoparticles activity against various microorganisms and tumor cells are considered. Finally, we address the problems associated with determining the optimal characteristics of nanoparticles in order to increase their efficiency and reduce their toxicity for the macroorganism.