Expecting the unexpected: A mixed methods study of violence to EMS responders in an urban fire department

Abstract

Background: Struck by injuries experienced by females were observed to be higher compared to males in an urban fire department. The disparity was investigated while gaining a grounded understanding of EMS responder experiences from patient-initiated violence. Methods: A convergent parallel mixed methods design was employed. Using a linked injury dataset, patient-initiated violence estimates were calculated comparing genders. Semi-structured interviews and a focus group were conducted with injured EMS responders. Results: Paramedics had significantly higher odds for patient-initiated violence injuries than firefighters (OR 14.4, 95%CI: 9.2-22.2, P<0.001). Females reported increased odds of patient-initiated violence injuries compared to males (OR=6.25, 95%CI 3.8-10.2), but this relationship was entirely mediated through occupation (AOR=1.64, 95%CI 0.94-2.85). Qualitative data illuminated the impact of patient-initiated violence and highlighted important organizational opportunities for intervention. Conclusions: Mixed methods greatly enhanced the assessment of EMS responder patient-initiated violence prevention.