Antibacterial and Antibiofilm Properties of Jicama (Pachyrhizus erosus) Seed Extract against Streptococcus mutans: Identification of Key Bioactive Compounds Using Bioautography and LC-MS/MS Analysis

Abstract

Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) is the primary bacterium responsible for dental caries, forming biofilms that enhance resistance to antimicrobial treatments. This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of jicama seed extract (Pachyrhizus erosus) against S. mutans, as well as to identify the bioactive compounds responsible for these effects. Jicama seeds were extracted using a 70% ethanol solution, and antibacterial activity was assessed using the disc diffusion method, while antibiofilm properties were analyzed via microplate assays. Thin-layer chromatography and bioautography were conducted to identify active compounds further characterized by LC-MS/MS analysis. The results indicated that a 70% concentration of jicama extract inhibited bacterial growth, with inhibition zones increasing proportionally with extract concentrations. Bioautographic and LC-MS/MS analysis confirmed the presence of antibacterial compounds such as alkaloids and flavonoids, including hypaphorine, trigonelline, glabridin, and gancaonin. This compound significantly inhibited S. mutans biofilm formation. The LC-MS/MS results also revealed various bioactive compounds with potential antibacterial properties. These findings suggest that jicama seed extract could serve as a natural antibacterial agent, with potential applications in dental care. Further studies should explore optimal extraction methods to enhance its effectiveness and safety in clinical use.