Effects of Common Fig (Ficus carica L.) and Its Extracts on Certain Cancer Types: Focusing on the Mechanism of Action

Abstract

Cancer continues to be a global health problem due to high mortality rates and resistance to treatment. Since conventional chemotherapies cause serious side effects, interest in natural complementary therapies has increased. In this context, common fig (Ficus carica L.) (F. carica), which stands out with its rich phytochemical content, has been used in traditional medicine for a long time and attracts attention with its anticancer potential. The purpose of this review is to evaluate the biological effects of extracts obtained from different parts of the F. carica plant on cancer cells. Recent in vitro studies have shown that F. carica extracts suppress proliferation, induce apoptosis and reduce oxidative stress in various cancer cell lines. However, factors such as the plant part used, extraction method, dose and application time have caused differences in the results. In vivo studies are limited and there is no clinical study. Some studies report that high doses, especially latex, may cause toxic effects. F. carica extracts are promising against cancer. However, comprehensive in vivo and clinical studies with standardized extracts are needed to transfer this potential to clinical practice.