Influence of parental eating behaviors on salt/sodium intake in children and adolescents in Costa Rica

Abstract

One of the key factors influencing salt and sodium intake in children and adolescents is the dietary behavior of their parents and/or caregivers. Objective: To evaluate the relationship between parental dietary behaviors and salt/sodium intake in children and adolescents in Costa Rica. Subjects and Method: A descriptive cross-sectional study of primary and secondary education students from 40 schools and 24 colleges located in the seven provinces of Costa Rica, along with their parents (father or mother). Sociodemographic variables were evaluated, weight and height were measured, and a weekly food consumption frequency survey was used. Standardized methods were used to estimate the sodium content of the foods, asking about the amount of salt added to them. Interviews were conducted with parents to explore their cooking practices. Food portion sizes were estimated using standardized pictures. After bivariate analysis, multiple regression analysis was performed to examine possible associations between the independent variables and daily sodium intake. Results: 1,497 students were included. 97% of them exceeded the maximum recommended limit of sodium intake (2,300 mg/day). An increase in sodium intake was associated with the use of salad dressings, Worcestershire sauce, amount of added salt, dehydrated soups, and having a saltshaker on the table. The intake was lower in females. Those students whose parents used only common salt for cooking and checking the sodium content on food labels were associated with lower intake (p < 0,001). The amount of salt used for cooking correlated directly with children’s sodium intake. Conclusions: Given that salt intake habits influence sodium intake, it is suggested to develop comprehensive interventions to reduce excessive sodium intake in children, adolescents, and their families.