Effects of transgenic Bt corn pollen on a non-target lycaenid butterfly, Pseudozizeeria maha

Abstract

To evaluate the effect of pollen released from transgenic insecticidal corn on non-target lepidopteran insects, corn pollen deposition density on the leaves of sunflower and black nightshade was measured near a cornfield. At 12 d from the start of anthesis, the highest cumulative pollen density on leaves was approximately 160 grains per cm2 at 1 m from the edge of the cornfield, falling to 20 grains at 5 m and less than 10 grains at 10 m. The pollen density calculated using a mathematical model in a previous study evidently had overestimated values. To evaluate precisely the effect of corn pollen expressing Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) endotoxin (Cry1Ab) on the survival of lepidopteran larvae, we improved the bioassay methods using the pale grass blue, Pseudozizeeria maha, the leaf disc of the wood sorrel, Oxalis corniculata, and transgenic Bt corn (Event-176). When the surface of the leaf was pretreated with a small amount of 80% acetone solution, the preselected pollen dose was successfully applied onto the leaf disc. Larval survival of P. maha was significantly affected at pollen density of more than 20 grains per cm 2 on the leaf disc. It is unlikely that pollens from Bt corn expressing Cry1Ab have wide-scaled deleterious effects on non-target P. maha near cornfields, because of low pollen deposition dose on the leaves.