A large TSC2 and PKD1 gene deletion is associated with renal and extrarenal signs of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease

Abstract

Background. The renal lesions in tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) consist in multiple angiomyolipomas, often associated with cysts of variable size. Recently a few TSC patients with early-onset renal cysts resembling the autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) have been described. Virtually all of them showed deletions of both TSC2 and PKD1 genes. Methods. Two unrelated families in which TSC and PKD co-segregate were investigated. 16p13.3-linked haplotype segregation, Southern blot, pulsed field gel electrophoresis, and loss of heterozygosity analyses were performed in both affected and unaffected family members. Results. The proband from family 1 was first recognized as presenting typical neurological signs and skin lesions of TSC and multiple renal cysts at 12 years of age. Haemodialysis became necessary at age 28. CT and MRI scans revealed multiple cysts in the liver and an asymptomatic, 3-4 mm aneurysm of the middle cerebral artery. His mother, who died at 47 of breast cancer, had ADPKD and reached the ESRD at 42. She showed facial angiofibromas. Both patients carried a submicroscopic germline deletion spanning the entire TSC2 gene and the large majority of PKD1 coding sequence. In the proband from family 2, the TSC diagnosis was made at 4 years. Enlarged polycystic kidneys causing end-stage renal failure at 19 years were observed. This patient carried a large germline, de novo deletion involving the entire TSC2 and PKD1 genes. In addition we could show in a renal hamartoma from this subject the loss of heterozygosity of markers spanning the TSC2 and PKD1 genes from the residual, normal chromosome 16 of paternal origin. Conclusions. The presence of a deletion involving both TSC2 and PKD1 genes should be considered in the clinical assessment of TSC children with an early-onset polycystic kidney disease, and more generally in all ADPKD patients who develop end-stage renal failure prior to the fourth or fifth decade of life. Finally, the occurrence of typical renal and extrarenal signs of ADPKD in a PKD1 hemizygote individual seems to support concept that a somatic inactivation of the residual PKD1 gene is required for the development of the cysts.