Biosynthesis and Characterization of Cefazolin-Loaded Magnesium Oxide/Polyethylene Glycol Nanocomposites: Antimicrobial Efficacy, Anticoagulant Potential, and In Vivo Toxicity Studies

Abstract

The pursuit of environmentally sustainable and potent antimicrobial agents has spurred the investigation of innovative nanocomposite materials, leading to the development of cefazolin-loaded magnesium oxide/polyethylene glycol (CFZ@MgO/PEG NC) nanocomposites. This research encompasses the biosynthesis using Laurus nobilis L. extract, resulting in nanocomposites with a size distribution of approximately 35 nm. XRD analysis revealed an average crystallite size of 37 ± 0.9 nm for CFZ@MgO/PEG NC. The antibacterial efficacy demonstrated dose-dependent inhibition zones, with CFZ@MgO/PEG NC achieving zones of inhibition of 19 mm, 14.5 mm, and 14 mm against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus, respectively, at 5 mM concentration. In vivo toxicity studies in albino rats indicated dose-dependent changes in biochemical parameters, such as an increase in urea levels to 0.75 ± 0.12 mmol/L and creatinine levels to 5.55 ± 0.3 µmol/L at 400 µg/mL dosage. The MgO/PEG NC exhibited notable anticoagulant properties, comparable to EDTA, emphasizing its potential for blood coagulation management. These findings highlight CFZ@MgO/PEG NC as a promising antimicrobial and anticoagulant agent, with potential therapeutic applications requiring careful dosage optimization to mitigate toxicity.